Paragraphs
In many ways the paragraph is an essay in miniature. The paragraph has a topic sentence that states the main idea of the paragraph in the same way that the thesis statement presents the main point of the essay. Like the well-written essay, the well-written paragraph is unified-all sentences relate to the main idea (PARA 1); it is well developed-there is apt and sufficient supporting detail (PARA 2); and it is coherent-ideas and sentences flow logically and smoothly (PARA 3).
The following paragraph on the life cycle of neighborhoods, by Kevin Cunningham, a university student, is an example of a well-written paragraph.
Neighborhoods are often assigned human characteristics, one of which is a life cycle: they have a birth, a youth, a middle age, and an old age. A neighborhood is built and settled by young, vibrant people, proud of their sturdy new homes. Together, residents and houses mature, as families grow larger and additions get built on. Eventually, though, the neighborhood begins to show its age. Buildings sag a little, houses aren’t repaired as quickly, and maintenance slips. The neighborhood may grow poorer, as the young and upwardly mobile find new jobs and move away, while the older and less successful inhabitants remain. - Kevin Cunningham, student
Cunningham provides a clear topic sentence that explains what he means by a life cycle. He then goes on to describe the stages of that cycle and the process by which one stage leads to the next. Cunningham maintains unity by excluding anything that does not directly relate to the concept of the life cycle. He achieves coherence by ordering his sentences to flow smoothly without breaks in rhythm or meaning and by using transitional words (and, as, eventually, while).
Paragraph Unity
The topic sentence presents the main idea of the paragraph. It is also called the controlling idea because it limits the subject of the paragraph and, like the thesis statement, suggests ways of developing the thought. The topic sentence of each paragraph should be an outgrowth of the thesis statement.
Topic Sentence
There were three classes of people in Medieval society.
What is a “best friend”?
After I bought a computer, the grades I received for my English essays were much better than they had been.
Implied Strategy of Development
You will name the three classes and describe each one.
You will define “best friend.” You will contrast your grades before and after you bought a computer.
In a unified paragraph all sentences relate to the topic sentence by explaining it with facts, examples, and supporting details. You should eliminate all sentences that stray from the point of the topic sentence.
